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What Does It Take to Become a Rhodes Scholar

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International postgraduate award

"Rhodes Scholar" redirects hither. Not to be confused with Road Scholar.

The Rhodes Scholarship is an international postgraduate award for students to study at the Academy of Oxford. Established in 1903, it is the oldest graduate scholarship in the globe. Information technology is considered amid the most prestigious international scholarship programmes in the world.[ane] [two] [three] [4] Its founder, Cecil John Rhodes, wanted to promote unity between English-speaking nations and instil a sense of civic-minded leadership and moral fortitude in future leaders, irrespective of their called career paths.[five] Initially restricted to male applicants from countries that are today inside the Republic, Germany and the United States, the scholarship is now open to applicants from all backgrounds and genders around the earth.[6] Since its creation, controversy has surrounded its initial exclusion of women, historical failure to select black Africans, and Cecil Rhodes'southward ain standing as a British imperialist.

Rhodes scholars have accomplished distinction as politicians, academics, scientists and doctors, authors, entrepreneurs, and Nobel Prize winners. Many scholars have become heads of country or heads of regime, including President of the United States Bill Clinton, President of Pakistan Wasim Sajjad, Prime number Minister of Jamaica Norman Manley, Prime Minister of Malta Dom Mintoff,[seven] and Prime Ministers of Australia Tony Abbott, Bob Hawke, and Malcolm Turnbull. Other notable Rhodes Scholars include Nobel Prize-winning scientist and discoverer of penicillin Howard Florey, Justice of the Ramble Court of South Africa Edwin Cameron, Nobel Prize-winning economist Michael Spence, Australian High Court Justice James Edelman, journalist and American television host Rachel Maddow, author Naomi Wolf, musician Kris Kristofferson, U.Southward. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Ronan Farrow.[8]

History [edit]

Founding and motivation [edit]

Numerous international scholarship programmes were very much underway by 1900. Since the 1880s, governments, universities, and individuals in the settler colonies had been establishing travelling scholarships to dwelling universities. Past 1900, the travelling scholarship had become an important office of settler universities' educational visions. Information technology served as a crucial machinery by which they sought to merits their citizenship of what they saw as the expansive British bookish world. The Rhodes programme was a re-create that shortly became the all-time-known version.[nine] The Rhodes Trust established the scholarships in 1902 under the terms laid out in the sixth and final volition of Cecil John Rhodes, dated 1 July 1899 and appended by several codicils through March 1902.

The scholarships were founded for two reasons: to promote unity inside the British empire, and to strengthen diplomatic ties between Britain and the United states of America. In Rhodes's ain words, "I ... desire to encourage and foster an appreciation of the advantages which I implicitly believe will result from the marriage of the English-speaking peoples throughout the world and to encourage in the students from North America who would do good from the American Scholarships."[five] Rhodes also bequeathed scholarships to German students in the hope that, "a good agreement between England, Deutschland and the U.s. of America volition secure the peace of the globe."

Rhodes, who attended Oriel College, Oxford, believed the university'southward residential colleges would be the all-time venue to nurture diplomatic ties between future earth leaders.

To this day, controversies persist over Rhodes's Anglo-supremacist beliefs, most of which appointment back to his 1877 confession of organized religion.[10] Even so, such convictions did not play a part in the terminal vision for the scholarship. The scholarships are based on Rhodes'southward last will and testament, which states that "no student shall be qualified or disqualified for election ... on account of his race or religious opinions".[5]

The Rhodes Scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, which is located at Rhodes House in Oxford. The trust has been modified by iv acts of Parliament: the Rhodes Estate Act 1916, the Rhodes Trust Act 1929, the Rhodes Trust Human action 1946; and almost recently past the Rhodes Trust (Modification) Club 1976, a statutory instrument in accord with Section 78 (iv) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.[11]

Later Rhodes's death [edit]

20th century [edit]

In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (later renamed the Harkness Fellowships) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to written report in the United States.[12] The Kennedy Scholarship program, created in 1966 as a memorial to John F. Kennedy, adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow ten British post-graduate students per year to study at either Harvard or the Massachusetts Constitute of Engineering science (MIT). In 1953, the Parliament of the U.k. created the Marshall Scholarship equally a coeducational alternative to the Rhodes Scholarship that would serve as a "living souvenir" to the United States.[13]

Cecil Rhodes wished current scholars and Rhodes alumni (in the words of his will) to have "opportunities of meeting and discussing their experiences and prospects". This has been reflected, for example, in the initiation by the first warden (Sir Francis Wylie), of an annual warden's Christmas letter (now supplemented by Rhodes e-news and other communications); the creation of alumni associations in several countries, most prominently the Clan of American Rhodes Scholars (which publishes The American Oxonian, founded in 1914, and oversees the Eastman Professorship); and the belongings of reunions for Rhodes Scholars of all countries.

In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, four former Rhodes Scholars were awarded honorary degrees past the University of Oxford. These were John Brademas, Bob Hawke (Western Australia and University 1953), Male monarch Nettleford and David R. Wood. During the centenary celebrations, the foundation of the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was also marked.[ citation needed ]

21st century [edit]

In 2013, during the 110th Rhodes anniversary celebrations, John McCall MacBain, Marcy McCall MacBain and the McCall MacBain Foundation donated £75 million towards the fundraising efforts of the Rhodes Trust.[14]

In 2015, Rhodes Scholar R. W. Johnson published a disquisitional account of the decline of the Rhodes Trust under its warden, John Rowett, and commended its recovery under wardens Donald Markwell and Charles R. Conn.[15] [sixteen]

As of 2018, due to the introduction of the Global Rhodes Scholarships, the Rhodes Scholarship is open to postgraduate students from anywhere in the world. Many of its greatest scholars accept carried out its founder's after platonic of "equal rights for all civilised men" condign some of the foremost voices in homo rights and social justice.[17] Some have even engaged in criticism of Cecil Rhodes himself (run into Rhodes must fall).[18] Because access to further pedagogy, particularly post-graduate education, is linked with social mobility and racial wealth disparity,[19] the scholarship (which is for mail service-graduate students) continues to attract criticism; however, the scholarship'southward recent partnership with the Atlantic Philanthropies is intended to assistance address those bug.[20]

In 2019, University of Tennessee graduate Hera Jay Brown became the start transgender adult female to be selected for a Rhodes Scholarship. Two non-binary scholars were also selected for the 2020 class.[21] [22]

Selection and selectivity [edit]

Selection criteria [edit]

In his will, Rhodes specified that he did non want his scholarships to get to "just bookworms." He wanted each candidate assessed in regard to:

  • his literary and scholastic attainments
  • his fondness of and success in manly outdoor sports such equally cricket, football game and the similar
  • his qualities of manhood, truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for the protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness, and fellowship
  • his exhibition during schoolhouse days of moral force of graphic symbol and of instincts to pb and to have an interest in his schoolmates for those latter attributes volition exist probable in subsequently-life to guide him to esteem the performance of public duty as his highest aim

To assess candidates, Rhodes specified a 200-betoken scale, unequally applied to each of the four areas (3/10 to each of the first and third areas, 2/10 to each of the other two areas). The offset area was to be judged by examination, the second and tertiary by election from the candidate'south boyfriend students, and the fourth by the headmaster of the candidate's school. The results for each candidate would be sent to the trustees of Rhodes'southward will, or their appointees, who would then requite a terminal assessment by averaging the marks for each candidate. Except for the candidates submitted by the four schools in southern Africa, the trustees were vested with the final decisions.

Rhodes besides added that the scholars should be distributed amidst the Colleges at Oxford, that the trustees could remove any scholar at their discretion, and that the trustees were to host an almanac dinner and then scholars could discuss their "experiences and prospects". The trustees were also encouraged to invite to the dinner other "persons who accept shown sympathy with the views expressed by me in this my Will".

In 2018, the aforementioned criteria underwent revision:[23]

  • literary and scholastic attainments
  • energy to apply one'southward talents to the full
  • truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship
  • moral force of character and instincts to lead, and to accept an interest in one'due south boyfriend beings

Each country'due south scholarship varies in its selectivity. In the The states, applicants must first laissez passer a university-internal endorsement process, then proceed to 1 of the 16 U.Southward. districts committees. In 2020, approximately 2,300 students sought their institution's endorsement for the American Rhodes scholarship, amid those 953 from 288 institutions were university-endorsed, of whom 32 were ultimately elected. This represents a 1.4% honor charge per unit when considering both endorsed and not-endorsed applicants. Every bit such, the American Rhodes Scholarship is more selective than the Churchill Scholarship, Truman Scholarship, Marshall Scholarship, Fulbright Scholarship, and Mitchell Scholarship.[24] [25] [26] It is approximately as selective as the Gates Cambridge Scholarship, which has an laurels rate of 1.3%.[27] In Canada betwixt 1997 and 2002, there were an average of 234 academy-endorsed applicants annually for eleven scholarships, for an credence rate of 4.vii%. In addition, Canadian provinces differ widely in the number of applications received, with Ontario receiving 58 applications on average for two spots (iii.four%) and Newfoundland and Labrador receiving xviii applications for 1 spot (5.vii%).[28] According to the Rhodes Trust, the overall global credence rate stands at 0.7%, making it 1 of the near competitive scholarships in the world.[29]

An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during the Start and Second World Wars. No German language scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1929, nor from 1940 to 1969.[30] A change occurred in 1929, when an Human action of Parliament established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes'south will and made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. Between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Customs.

Scholarship terms [edit]

Rhodes Scholars may written report any full-time postgraduate class offered past the university,[31] whether a taught master'south programme, a research degree, or a 2nd undergraduate degree (senior status). The scholarship'south basic tenure is 2 years. Withal, information technology may also exist held for one yr or three years. Applications for a tertiary year are considered during the course of the second yr. University and college fees are paid by the Rhodes Trust. In addition, scholars receive a monthly maintenance stipend to cover accommodation and living expenses.[32] [33] Although all scholars go affiliated with a residential college while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to Rhodes House, an early 20th-century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, report areas, and other facilities.

Allocation of scholarships [edit]

Geographic
constituency 		2022
allocation
[34] [35] 		1902
allocation
[5] [30]
Australia 9 six
Bermuda 1 1
Canada eleven 2
China iv  —
East Africa 1  —
Germany 2 5
Hong Kong 2  —
India five  —
Israel 2  —
Jamaica & the
Commonwealth
Caribbean 		2 1
Kenya 2  —
Malaysia 1  —
Newfoundland  — 1
New Zealand 3 one
Islamic republic of pakistan ane  —
Singapore 1  —
Southern Africa 10 5
Syria, Hashemite kingdom of jordan,
Lebanon & Palestine 		two  —
United Arab Emirates 2  —
U.s.a. 32 32
West Africa two  —
Zambia &
Republic of zimbabwe
(formerly Rhodesia) 		two
2
—		  —
—
3
Global scholarships 2  —
Total 101 58

There were originally 60 scholarships.[v] [xxx]

Four South African boys' schools were mentioned in Rhodes's will, each to receive an annual scholarship: the Boys High School in Stellenbosch (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium); the Diocesan College (Bishops) in Rondebosch; the South African College Schools (SACS) in Newlands; and St Andrew's College in Grahamstown. These take later on been opened also to sometime students of their partner schools (girls' or co-educational schools).[36]

During the ensuing 100 years, the trustees take added about another 40 scholarships at one time or some other, though not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the will.[37] A more detailed allocation past region by year can be establish at Rhodes Scholarship Allocations. Very brief summaries of some of the terms and weather condition can exist found on the trust'due south website.[38] [39] Complete details can exist obtained from the nominating countries.[40]

Equally of 2018, scholars are selected from over 20 Rhodes constituencies (64 countries) worldwide.[41] In 2015, the Rhodes Scholarship extended into new territories, first with the announcement of a number of scholarships for Cathay,[42] subsequently with the announcement of one to two scholarships per year for the United Arab Emirates.[43] The organisation administering the scholarships is preparing to brainstorm naming scholars from China. The movement into Cathay is the biggest expansion since women became eligible in the 1970s.[44]

Controversies [edit]

Exclusion of women [edit]

The Rhodes Scholarship was originally, as per the language used in Rhodes'southward will, open only to "male person students". That stipulation would not change until 1977. Rhodes developed his scholarships partly through conversation with William Thomas Stead, editor of The Mantle Mall Gazette and confidant of Rhodes, and at 1 fourth dimension an executor of the Will who was stricken from the role when he objected to Rhodes's ill-fated effort to seize the Transvaal. Shortly after Rhodes's death, Stead implied in a published commodity about the Will that he suggested that Rhodes open up the scholarships to women,[45] but Rhodes refused. Nothing more than is said on the matter.

Subsequently his death, the will was nether the control of the Board of Trustees of the Rhodes Trust. In 1916, however, the trustees introduced a bill into the House of Eatables that, catering to popular British sentiment during the War, "revoked and annulled" the scholarships for Germans.[46] Since so, legal control over the will has resided with Parliament.

In 1970, the trustees established the Rhodes Visiting Fellowships. Different the regular scholarship, a Visiting Fellow was expected to accept a doctorate or comparable caste, and to use the two-year funded study to appoint in contained enquiry. But 33 Visiting Fellowships were awarded.[47]

In 1975, Parliament passed the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 that banned discrimination based on sex, including in education. The trustees and then applied to the Secretary of State for Didactics to admit women into the scholarship, and in 1976 the request was granted.[48] In 1977, women were finally admitted to the total scholarship. Before Parliament passed the 1975 Act, some universities protested against the exclusion of women past nominating female person candidates, who were subsequently disqualified at the country level of the American competition.[49] In 1977, the beginning year women were eligible, 24 women (out of 72 total scholars) were selected worldwide, with 13 women and 19 men selected from the The states.[50] Since then, the boilerplate female share of the scholarship in the U.s. had been around 35 per centum.[50]

In 2007, the Association of American Rhodes Scholars published a retrospective on the starting time 30 years of female recipients, many of whom individually recounted personal experiences as well as professional accomplishments.[51]

In his 2008 book Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship (Yale University Press), biographer and historian Philip Ziegler writes that "The appearance of women does not seem notably to have affected the balance of Scholars amidst the various professions, though it has reduced the incidence of worldly success." Although it is true that female recipients have not become heads of state nevertheless, they have succeeded in many other ways every bit described in the Rhodes Project.[52]

In Due south Africa, the will of Cecil Rhodes expressly allocated scholarships to four all-male private schools. In 1992, one of the four schools partnered with an all-girls school in club to allow female applicants. In 2012, the three remaining schools followed arrange to allow women to utilise.[53] Today, four of the nine scholarships allocated to Southward Africa are open only to students and alumni of these schools and partner schools.[53]

Exclusion of blackness Africans [edit]

Showtime in 1970, scholars began protesting against the fact that all Rhodes Scholars from southern Africa were white, with 120 Oxford dons and fourscore of the 145 Rhodes Scholars in residence at the time signing a petition calling for non-white scholars to exist elected in 1971.[54] : 238 The example of South Africa was particularly hard to resolve, considering in his volition establishing the scholarships, unlike for other constituencies, Rhodes specifically allocated four scholarships to alumni of four white-but private secondary schools. Co-ordinate to Schaeper and Schaeper,[54] : 236–237 the issue became "explosive" in the 1970s and 1980s as scholars argued that the scholarship be changed while the trustees argued they were powerless to alter the will. Despite such protests, only in 1991 with the ascent of the African National Congress did black Due south Africans begin to win the scholarships.[54] : 240

Out of 5 thousand Rhodes Scholarships awarded between 1903 and 1990, about nine hundred went to students from Africa.[55]

Criticism of Rhodes as colonialist [edit]

Public criticism of the scholarship has as well focused on Cecil Rhodes'due south white supremacist views. For example, in 1966, regional committees in interviews asked a white American candidate to clinch them he would not publicly belittle the scholarship after he referred to its founding on "claret money".[54] : 238 In 2015, a South African Rhodes Scholar, Ntokozo Qwabe, began a campaign to address Rhodes'south controversial historical and political legacy, with a focus on Qwabe's own views which included such statements as "dismantling the open glorification of colonial genocide in educational and other public spaces – which makes it piece of cake for British people to believe that these genocides were 'not that bad' – and props up the continuing structural legacies of British colonialism, neocolonialism, and ongoing imperialism".[56] Among other things, the campaign chosen for the removal of a statue of Rhodes from Oriel College and changes to Oxford's curriculum.[57] While the higher agreed to review the placement of the statue, the Chancellor of the university, Lord Patten, was critical of the accurateness of Qwabe's statements and warned against "pandering to gimmicky views".[58]

A grouping of Rhodes Scholars also created the grouping Redress Rhodes whose mission was to "attain a more critical, honest, and inclusive reflection of the legacy of Cecil John Rhodes" and to "make reparative justice a more central theme for Rhodes Scholars." Their demands include, among other things, shifting the Rhodes Scholarships awarded exclusively to previously all-white South African schools (rather than the at-large national pool), dedicating a "space at Rhodes House for the critical engagement with Cecil Rhodes'southward legacy, as well equally majestic history", and ending a ceremonial toast Rhodes Scholars make to the founder.[59] While the grouping does non have a position on the removal of the statue, its co-founder has called for the scholarship to be renamed equally it is "the ultimate course of veneration and colonial apologism; it's a big part of why many proceed to understand Rhodes as a chivalrous founder and benefactor."[60]

Public criticism has as well focused on the declared hypocrisy of applying for and accepting the Rhodes Scholarship while criticising information technology, with University of Cambridge academic Mary Bristles, writing in The Times Literary Supplement, arguing that Scholars "[could not] have your cake and consume it hither: I mean you tin't whitewash Rhodes out of history, but go on using his greenbacks."[56] [61] Reacting to this criticism, Qwabe replied that "all that [Rhodes] looted must absolutely be returned immediately. I'thou no casher of Rhodes. I'k a beneficiary of the resources and labour of my people which Rhodes pillaged and slaved."[lx] [62] A group of 198 Rhodes Scholars of various years later on signed a statement supporting Qwabe and arguing that in that location was "no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy – a legacy that continues to alienate, silence, exclude and dehumanise in unacceptable means. There is no clause that binds united states of america to find 'the good' in Rhodes's graphic symbol, nor to sanitise the imperialist, colonial agenda he propagated."[60]

Criticism over recipients not inbound public service [edit]

The tendency of a growing number of Rhodes Scholars to enter business organization or private police force, as opposed to public service for which the scholarship was intended, has been a source of frequent criticism and "occasional embarrassment".[63] Writing in 2009, the Secretary of the Rhodes Trust criticised the trend of Rhodes Scholars to pursue careers in finance and business, noting that "more than than twice every bit many [now] went into business in only one twelvemonth than did in the unabridged 1970s", attributing information technology to "grotesque" remuneration offered by such occupations.[64] At least "a one-half dozen" 1990s Rhodes Scholars became partners at Goldman Sachs and, since the 1980s, McKinsey has had numerous Rhodes Scholars every bit partners. Similarly, of Rhodes Scholars who became attorneys, about one-third serve as staff attorneys for private corporations, while another third remain in individual practice or academic posts.[65]

According to Schaeper and Schaeper,[66] "From 1904 to the present, the plan'southward critics have had ii primary themes: first, that too many scholars were content with comfortable, safe jobs in academe, in law, and in business organisation; 2d, that too few had careers in government or other fields where public service was the number-ane goal." Andrew Sullivan wrote in 1988 that "of the ane,900 or so living American scholars ... nigh 250 fill up middle-rank administrative and professorial positions in middle-rank state colleges and universities ... [while] another 260...have ended up equally lawyers."[67]

Quality of post-graduate education at Oxford [edit]

In 2007, an op-ed in The Harvard Crimson by two American Rhodes Scholars[68] acquired an "international row over Oxford'south status as a elevation university"[69] when they criticised the university's mail-graduate education as "outdated" and "frustrating" in comparison to their education in the United States, specifically pointing to the perceived depression quality of instruction and an bereft scholarship stipend for living expenses. They as well criticised the Rhodes application process itself, arguing that potential applicants should non apply unless they are "ready to written report and alive in Oxford."[68] [70]

The original op-ed[68] spurred responses on both sides of the Atlantic.[71] [72] [73] Other students criticised the authors for their tone of "ingratitude and entitlement," while The Sunday Times noted that it fuelled the "long rivalry between Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford" and existing concerns near the quality of British graduate education. In response, the Rhodes Trust released two statements, one to The Sun Times saying that "the criticisms ... are unrepresentative of the vast majority of Americans" studying at Oxford,[74] and another as a reply to the original op-ed arguing that "simulated expectations," particularly for those uncertain about their caste pick, and going to Oxford for the "wrong reasons," could contribute to dissatisfaction.[75]

Notable scholars and career trajectories [edit]

Surveying the history of the Rhodes Scholarship, Schaeper and Schaeper conclude[76] that while "few of them have 'changed the globe' ... most of them have been a credit to their professions ... and communities", finding that "the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers." Eight former Rhodes scholars subsequently became heads of government or heads of state, including Wasim Sajjad (Pakistan), Beak Clinton (Us), Dom Mintoff (Republic of malta), John Turner (Canada), Norman Manley (Jamaica), and three Australian Prime Ministers: Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull.

From 1951 to 1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in teaching and academia, 20% in constabulary, 15% in business, and 10% in medicine and science.[77] Although Cecil Rhodes imagined that scholars would "pursue a total-fourth dimension career in government [...] the number of scholars in local, state and federal government has remained at a steady 7 per cent" over the by century. Of the 200 or and then scholars who have spent their careers in government, "most of them accept had solid, just undistinguished careers," while "mayhap xl or more than tin exist said to take had a pregnant, national touch in their particular areas."[78]

The highest-ranking career option for Rhodes Scholars is education and academia, with many becoming deans of law and medical schools and others becoming professors and lecturers. Many of the nearly distinguished Rhodes Scholars, such equally Zambian activist Lucy Banda, take become prominent members of the ceremonious rights motility.[79] In 1990, third-wave feminist author Naomi Wolf put forward ideas about beauty and ability with her volume The Beauty Myth, ushering in a new type of feminism that has risen to prominence in the digital historic period.[80]

Rhodes Scholars have had a notable impact in the fields of medicine and science. Howard Florey was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1922 subsequently studying medicine at Adelaide Medical schoolhouse. In 1939 Florey, along with fellow scientist Ernst Boris Chain, led the team that successfully isolated and purified penicillin.[81] Robert Q. Marston, an American Rhodes Scholar who studied with Florey, was Managing director of the National Institutes of Health (USA) from 1968 to 1973. He was credited with maintaining the loftier quality of basic science research in the Institutes.

Man rights, social justice and advocacy [edit]

Police force [edit]

Challenging some of the convictions of the scholarship'due south founder is non a contempo occurrence. As early on as 1931, Afrikaans-born anti-apartheid lawyer Bram Fischer and Rhodes Scholar campaigned for equal rights for all South Africans. This led him to join the Communist Party of South Africa. Fischer was struck off the ringlet by the Johannesburg Bar Council in 1965 afterwards he skipped bail on charges nether the Suppression of Communism Deed. He was afterward arrested and sentenced to life in prison.[82] Other Rhodes Scholars have taken on difficult social causes with more success. The Rhodes Scholar Fred Paterson defended workers and unions at a reduced price, earlier he sat in parliament equally the first and only Communist party member in Australian history.[83] In 1978, former Rhodes Scholar Ann Olivarius sued Yale University over their mis-handling of on-campus sexual harassment complaints.[84] [85]

Education and child welfare [edit]

After leaving Oxford to write his first novel, former Rhodes Scholar Jonathan Kozol volunteered as a teacher in Roxbury, Boston. He would go on to write Death at an Early Historic period: The Devastation of the Hearts and Minds of Negro Children in the Boston Public Schools, after witnessing first-manus the devastating effect educational inequality was having on America.[86] Rhodes Scholars Marc Kielburger and Roxanne Joyal deport like work with their organisation Free the Children. Together they build schools and educate children in developing countries across Africa.[87]

Civil and human rights [edit]

Much of the Rhodes Alumni'southward ceremonious and human rights piece of work has been focused in Africa, especially Southward Africa. S African Justice Edwin Cameron initially focused his attending on law and employment constabulary, but later worked in the field of LGBT rights as well as co-founding the Aids Consortium. Two-time Pulitzer-winning journalist Nick Kristof was pivotal in shedding calorie-free on atrocities such as Tiananmen Square and the genocide in Darfur.[88] Professor Sandra Fredman has besides written extensively on anti-discrimination constabulary, human being rights law and labour police.[89] Rhiana Gunn-Wright was the creator of the Green New Deal.[90]

Medical innovation [edit]

Genetics [edit]

In 2014, Iranian Rhodes Scholar and front-person for indie-rock band Thousand Days, Pardis Sabeti, used genome sequencing and computational genetics to identify the source of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.[91]

Another Rhodes Scholar working in genome research is the mathematician and geneticist Eric Lander. His ideas in human genetics, particularly mapping and sequencing, led to the creation of the Cancer Genome Atlas.[92]

Disease and epidemiology [edit]

Salim Yusuf, an Indian scholar, conducted significant enquiry into eye health and its human relationship to developing economies. He observed that shifts in the developing world, particularly dietary changes and increased urbanisation, lead to higher incidences of heart attacks and strokes.[93]

In Zimbabwe, A. Tariro Makadzange has researched perinatally infected children with HIV and HIV-positive adults with cryptococcal disease. Since graduating from Oxford, she has set upwardly a new infectious disease laboratory at the University of Republic of zimbabwe in Harare.[94]

Sir Alimuddin Zumla, a British-Zambian, infectious diseases scholar declined an offering to accept up the scholarship.[8] [95] Decades afterwards, Zumla was recognised past Clarivate Analytics, Web of Science as one of the earth'due south top i% most cited researchers.[96] [97] [98]

Surgery [edit]

Afterwards studying at Oxford, surgeon and author Atul Gawande became an advisor to Neb Clinton and the U.Due south Department of Health and Human Services.[99] In contempo years he has devised an innovative checklist for a successful surgery.[100] [101] Other surgical innovations brought about past Rhodes Scholars include the GliaSite technique, a device that lowers the risks associated with radiation therapy in brain tumours.

A number of Rhodes scholars have gone on to careers in neurosurgery. One of the most influential neurosurgeons of all fourth dimension, Wilder Penfield, was a Canadian Rhodes Scholar in 1915. Neurosurgeon Sir Hugh Cairns was a Rhodes Scholar for Due south Australia in 1917, whose treatment of Lawrence of Arabia led to research that informed the introduction of motorcycle helmets. Neurosurgeon Griffith Harsh was a Rhodes Scholar and created the GliaSite device.[102]

Arts [edit]

Literature [edit]

1 of the get-go recipients of the Rhodes Scholarship was the American poet, educator and critic John Crowe Bribe. He became a founding member of the influential Fugitive literary group.[103] A contemporary of Bribe's who also became a Rhodes Scholar was Robert Penn Warren. Warren was lambasted by his peers who told him that the study of English literature was a soft choice; seeking to rebut such attacks, he introduced new critical ideas into the study of poetry and fiction, and these ideas went on to change how literature was taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, non only in America itself.[104] Tasmanian Rhodes Scholar Richard Flanagan (Tasmania and Worcester, 1984) is a celebrated writer, having been awarded the Man Booker Prize in 2014 for his novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North.

Hip-hop [edit]

In 2006 (earlier receiving a Rhodes Scholarship), lawyer and current Democratic Congressman Antonio Delgado critiqued capitalism and racial injustice under the name "Advert the Voice."[105]

Roughly 90 years prior, the phrase "keeping it existent" was used by Rhodes scholar Alain Locke in his book The New Negro to describe the pursuit of in the face of mainstream media'south portrayal of African American civilization.[106] [ description needed ] Locke's work inspired the Harlem Renaissance movement, and "keeping information technology existent" has since become a universally recognised hip-hop ethos.[107]

Science and technology [edit]

Space exploration [edit]

Later on studying ion propulsion at Oxford, Dr. Jennifer Gruber embarked on a career as a infinite engineer. She is currently coordinating missions between the Johnson Infinite Center and the International Space Station as an employee of NASA.[108]

Cosmology [edit]

Rhodes Scholar Brian Greene co-founded ISCAP, Columbia'south Found for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics. As well as winning a Pulitzer for non-fiction, Greene made some ground-breaking discoveries in the field of superstring theory and was 1 of the cosmologists to co-notice superstring theory.[109]

Comparison to other post-graduate scholarships [edit]

The Rhodes Scholarship model has inspired successor scholarships in many countries. These include:

  • The Kennedy Scholarship for British nationals to report at Harvard University or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1964)[110]
  • The international Yenching Scholarship for study at Peking University (2015)[111] [112]
  • The international Schwarzman Scholarship for study at Tsinghua University (2016)[113]
  • The international Knight-Hennessy Scholars to written report at Stanford University (2018)[114]

In structure and choice criteria, the scholarship is similar to the John Monash Scholarship, Schwarzman Scholarship, Knight-Hennessy Scholarship, Gates Cambridge Scholarship, Marshall Scholarship, Yenching Scholarship, Fulbright Program and Chevening Scholarship. As with the Rhodes, the Gates Cambridge, Yenching, Knight-Hennessy, and Schwarzman scholarships are tenable at only one university. The Knight-Hennessy and Schwarzman Scholarships similarly award scholarships to students from all nations, with a focus on public service and leadership.[115] [116]

Meet as well [edit]

  • List of Rhodes Scholars
  • Gates Cambridge Scholarship
  • Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan
  • Jardine Scholarship
  • Thouron Award
  • Rise (education program)

References [edit]

  1. ^ Richard, Adams (xviii Feb 2018). "Rhodes scholarships opened up to students from UK and remainder of world". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  2. ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (xix February 2018). "Rhodes Scholarships Become Global every bit Students From Anywhere Now Qualify (Published 2018)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 Dec 2020.
  3. ^ Winerip, Michael (12 January 2003). "How to Win a Rhodes". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  4. ^ Nietzel, Michael T (22 Nov 2020). "The 2021 Rhodes Scholars Accept Been Selected; The 32 U.South. Winners Are Amidst The Most Diverse Ever". Forbes. Retrieved v December 2020.
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Farther reading [edit]

  • Godfrey Elton, The First Fifty Years of The Rhodes Trust and Scholarships, 1903-1953. London: Blackwell, 1955.
  • R.I. Rotberg, The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power. New York: Oxford Academy Press, 1988.
  • Philip Ziegler, Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships. New Haven, CT: Yale Academy Press, 2008.
  • R.W. Johnson, Look Back in Laughter: Oxford'due south Postwar Golden Age. Threshold Printing, 2015

Books by quondam Wardens of Rhodes House, Oxford:

  • Anthony Kenny, The History of the Rhodes Trust. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Donald Markwell, "Instincts to Pb": On Leadership, Peace, and Pedagogy, 2013.

External links [edit]

  • Rhodes Trust official website
  • Rhodes Project: The commencement in-depth written report of Rhodes women

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship

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